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2015;14:307. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. 2011;1:S1248. AA performed collecting of articles and writing the manuscript. Asian Pac J Trop Med. A total of 383 studies were found by the initial literature search of the databases. Thus, plants with potential repellency properties should be tested for their possible unpleasant side effects before introducing as alternative products. This plants leaves are also known to contain citronellal, which acts as an insecticide against insects such as fleas and ticks. While, in another study [45], it repelled An. 2002;96:22531. studies show the factors of lemongrass to make an alternative insect repellent. Lemongrass is considered to be a medicinal plant as well an ingredient in traditional Indian insect-repellent preparations (Parrotta 2001). The included studies were published between 1999 and 2018. 2018;101:197201. Rajkumar S, Jebanesan A. Repellent activity of selected plant essential oils against the malarial fever mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. One study from 2011 using multiple species of mosquito found that up to 95% of mosquitos from one species were repelled due to the oil's strong odor over a 2.5 hour period (2). It is a tall perennial grass that grows in dense clumps, and the leaves have a lemon scent. reduce mosquito landing around 40%. The product was 100% safe to use as it didnt cause allergies or itchiness This study is limited to testing insect repellent made from Ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern Tanzania. since every materials we used were found at home, we only spent money for our PubMed Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. Lemon grass Although lemongrass does not attract any beneficial insects directly, it does provide them with food sources during their lifecycles. As cost is a significant factor, examination of the use of local florae as repellents is highly suggested. Tyagi B. of lemongrass oil. dirus. Thymus species have been reported to possess various beneficial effects, such as antiseptic, carminative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties [70]. 2001;49:51721. 2012;2:6027. 2003;40:100. Durrani F, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail S, Chand N, Durrani Z. Moreover, this chapter includes the Research Design, Research Safe for use on adults, children, and pets when used as directed. the product. Kweka EJ, Mosha F, Lowassa A, Mahande AM, Kitau J, Matowo J, et al. Aside from lemon grass also plant peppermint and other aromatic herbs to detract insect pests from destroying the crop (Argon E. ,2012). A recent study revealed that An. sensitive skin immediately. The 20% oil solution of rosemary in the study conducted by Amer et al. It doesnt contain any chemical substances that may irritate a Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. repellent themselves, they can ensure that it is safe and not even a single drop of a 2. The primary eligibility process yielded 59 documents and crosscheck of the references of reviews and other databases search provided 3 further articles [8,9,10]. 1. It should be noted that pure lemongrass oil can be hazardous to human With the summer heat, it's important to keep yourself from getting bitten by bugs. researchers wanted to study about this so that people will try to use natural (plant- Springer Nature. stephensi for 4.36h. Basilisan annual plant of the Ocimum genus, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world [74]. Lemongrass. Murugan K, Kumar PM, Kovendan K, Amerasan D, Subrmaniam J, Hwang J-S. Larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity of Citrus sinensis orange peel extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). 2015;5(suppl 1):S6772. J Vector Ecol. For example, adult butterflies feed on nectar from flowers such as milkweed or yucca when they are larvae; then they lay eggs on these plants so their offspring can eat the leaves when they hatch into caterpillars. Chemical composition, toxicity and mosquito repellency of Ocimum selloi oil. minimus [45] for 1h. A high level of insecticide resistance has made because of the chemical control of the pests and vectors. Soonwera M. Efficacy of essential oil from Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Malar J 18, 436 (2019). Adulticidal and repellent properties of Cassia tora Linn. Using lemongrass as insect repellent provides "Aside from being an important herb, lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes," revealed Dr. Manuel Mapue, Department of Health (DOH) Regional Medical Dengue. Int J Pharm Phytochem Res. Trav Med Infect Dis. financial benefit, it is said that some bottle of lemongrass insect repellent costs bites has not yet been completely clarified. Malaria Journal Third, it should be highlighted that some plant compounds are irritating to the skin and/or highly toxic to mammals, and natural does not equate to safe. alternative insect repellent. 2008;103:52934. [47] showed that orange repels An. 2005;36:1423. that can be used as an insect repellent. Herbal insecticides, repellents and biomedicines: effectiveness and commercialization. 2015;14:187. [41] used E. globulus essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations against An. Younoussa L, Nukenine EN, Danga SPY, Esimone CO. Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Neem isa versatile tree broadly grown in tropical areas of India [76]. The medicinal plant turmeric, which isa perennial herb, and a member of Zingiberacae family, is commonly used as a spice in human food [80]. [] also reported . Below is a list of lemongrass as insect repellent: Lemongrass is a good insect repellent. Innocent E, Hassanali A. gambiae [54]. However, it is highly recommended that the future researchers should perform the Rosemary isan evergreen aromatic shrub with a Mediterranean origin, which belongs to Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family [77]. properties of lemon grass and use it as an individual and area spray. boiling temperature of water. Trongtokit Y, Curtis CF, Rongsriyam Y. Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. interest in utilizing the plant as the main ingredient in the product due to its. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions Grade 12 - Module, Philippine Pop Culture - Doreen G. 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Parasite. Sprinkle small clippings of lemongrass around the outside of your home, or along the baseboards. DEET-FREE & VERSATILE. Google Scholar. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. By Amerasan D, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, et al. Essential oils and extracts of plants are emerging as potential agents for Anopheles spp. Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the researchers would 2011;15:10109. They are bright green on top and pale yellow beneath, with veins running down each side of the leaf blade. Presently, there is no effective prophylactic anti-malarial vaccine and no suitable preventive measure other than vector control is available [5]. Article Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (i) full-text publication was written in English, (ii) inspected the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. Potential plant-based repellents stratified by protection time with at least 4h protection time are reported in Table2. repellency. Seyoum A, Plsson K, Kunga S, Kabiru E, Lwande W, Killeen G, et al. Methods: Multiple computerized databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and AMED, were searched for controlled laboratory experiments that compared the effectiveness of citronella products to control in repelling Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes using the . KEEPS BUGS AT BAY FOR HOURS Get much needed outdoor relief from mosquitos and ticks. Method: Cymbopogon oil (75ml) was extracted from 200g of fresh Lemongrass leaves using Soxhlet method with n-Hexane as solvent. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. MK collaborated in the study conception and the collection and translation of articles. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. For the Parents/Guardians that this will serve as a guide for taking care of their children Lemongrass is not one of those chemicals. Sritabutra D, Soonwera M, Waltanachanobon S, Poungjai S. Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. J Vector Borne Dis. Youll want to make sure that you wash away any dirt or debris that may be left on your plant before placing it into your garden bed or potting soil so theres no chance of spreading disease or pests throughout your garden space during planting time. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This review calls for the attention of entomologists and people in the field of mosquito-transmitted diseases for understanding the value and potential position of the plant-derived repellents and their role in disease control. Province. The Table 4 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the products Phys Mol Plant Pathol. Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus. dirus for 6h. In contrast, in the study by Seyoum et al. culicifacies and Anopheles subpictus for 11, 9.6 and 7.3h, respectively and the corresponding percentage repellency were 100%, 92.3% and 83.1%. Another study found that citronellal directly activates channels of cation [83], which is similar to the excite-repellent impact of pyrethrin another plant based terpine [85], but contrasts with the inhibitory influence of DEET [86]. The plant also repels pests and attracts bees, which will pollinate your other plants. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. Individuals and candles, and also in aromatherapy. As with other topically applied essential oils, lemongrass has been found in some studies to act as a skin irritant (2). Position the pot cover inside out of the strainer and make sure that the tip is In the study, the essential oil was applied to the skin of test subjects, and the number of mosquito bites received was significantly reduced compared to a control group. dirus for 0.83h. Phasomkusolsi et al. along with thousands of other products contains lemon grass oils. Freeman BC, Beattie GA. An overview of plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. be conducting the same study and that this could contribute useful information to them. [6] reported that 20% oil solutions of both camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) had 100% repellency affect against An. New Delhi: Springer; 2016. p. 19. Expect for 6 studies which were field trial, other studies were conducted on laboratory condition. Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. 2016;6:9738. For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. stephensi for 3.5h. Phasomkusolsil et al. turn to all natural ingredients as more and more negative data is released. any chemical substance that may irritate sensitive skin immediately. Indian Forester. Studies found that cats and dogs, although they can hear the waves, ultrasonic sound is inaudible to humans and household pets. This study is only limited to determine the effectiveness of the lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) crude extract an alternative repellent. 1st ed. Some data proposes that these agents interfere with olfactory receptors of mosquitoes [82]. INNOVATIVE BOTANICAL FORMULA Our spray consists of essential oils carried in purified water and plant-based preservatives. [62] also supported that myrtle at 50% concentration repels An. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. p. 275304. Extra Concentrated for Long-Lasting Protection, Natural Ingredients Proven Effective in the Real World. [65]. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The repellency effect of Neem against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 2 studies. Effective on black flies, mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. dirus for 4.5h [46]. The flow diagram of the study selection process and excluded studies with specific reasons is reported in Fig. % 1990;31:455. Prado JM, Leal PF, Meireles MAA, Eds. [47] also found that 0.1ml of peppermint essential oil protect against An. subpictus. In the present work, essential oil 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (citral) is hydrodistilled from lemon grass in the laboratory, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal acetals . Kovendan K, Murugan K, Kumar PM, Thiyagarajan P, William SJ. Ansari et al. 2009;27:2632. It is also used to treat stomach ailments, diabetes, and other maladies. Anopheles dirus was repelled by clove for 1h in laboratory conditions in Thailand [47]. Myrtleisamemberof theMyrtaceae familywhich is botanically linked to eucalyptus [73]. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. J Vector Borne Dis. [6], with 100% protection against An. A literature review. 2012;111:175769. Med Vet Entomol. As stated by organicfacts, some health benefits that lemongrass oil The process of using lemongrass as a pesticide is fairly simple. Pappenberger B, Geier M, Boeckh J. POWERED BY NATURE, AS POWERFUL AS DEET. Parasitol Res. Steam Lemon grass contains citral, which is an essential oil, having medicinal and other useful significance. Citronella (50ml) & Lemon Grass (50ml) - 100ml Total . The percentage repellency was doseresponse and was reported to be 66%, 74% and 96%, respectively. Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison). stephensi. It produces fragrant white flowers in clusters at the top of the stems, which bloom throughout the summer months. Singh AK, Dhamanigi SS, Asad M. Anti-stress activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus buds (clove). The exact mechanism of action of these plants in preventing Anopheles spp. Haldar KM, Ghosh P, Chandra G. Larvicidal, adulticidal, repellency and smoke toxic efficacy of Ficus krishnae against Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex vishnui group mosquitoes. Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Elango G, Zahir AA, Santhoshkumar T. Larvicidal and repellent activity of medicinal plant extracts from Eastern Ghats of South India against malaria and filariasis vectors. 23352, Indonesia utilizing mosquito repellent plants, such as lemongrass. This is another area for additional research. 2015;114:60112. Another study [45] reported that clove repels An. In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, editors. Formulated with no artificial colors, fragrances or harmful pesticides. for safe use, lemongrass oil is mixed by water and alcohol. The study has found out that lemon grass is an effective and alternative natural insect repellent. Repellent activities of the essential oils of four Sudanese accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against Anopheles mosquito. Nour AH, Elhussein SA, Osman NA, Nour AH. related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent Gramineae). Malar J. transportation to go at our research environment. Karunamoorthi et al. 2013;97:2631. Eucalyptus globulus at 0.1ml dose in a study [47] repelled An. Results of the Experiment in Observing the Repellency of the Product minimus for 0.5h [45]. stephensi. [22], C. zeylanicum at 1mg/cm2 showed 1h protection against An. PubMed J Agric Food Chem. Scented oils are extracted from the leaves and are commonly used in insect repellents, perfumes, and soaps. used for repelling insects. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Delonix elata (L) Gamble (Family: Fabaceae) against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston)(Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. attempts As observed, 25 mosquitoes attempted to land for 25 times while 24 ants 2011;4:698705. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world. 0:45 . The review of literature for this study focuses on the properties, benefits and The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles. to the skin. This chapter contains the process used in determining the effectiveness of GENTLE ON KIDS, EASY-TO-USE. The first thing you need to do is cut off the bottom leaves of the plant, then dig up some roots from the ground where it was growing. Specifically, it seeks to answer to the following questions: 1. Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Kwon Y, Kim SH, Ronderos DS, Lee Y, Akitake B, Woodward OM, et al. This findings support the study of Dumay and Arcilla Jr. (2019), George (2016)and Moore (2011) about the capability of lemongrass in repelling insects effectively, Kamaraj(2011))who reported that black pepper is a good insect repellent, and Patterson (2019) who proved that garlic produces results that are effective enough in repelling mosquitoes. Cloveisa naturally occurring spice which has been shown to possess anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-pyretic, anti-candidal, and aphrodisiac activities [78]. albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. limonene. Below shows the procedure on making insect repellent out of lemongrass oil: Mix the essential oil, water and alcohol. 2009;2009:e908085. is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)s and Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)s list which means it is extremely safe (Gumban, 2019). The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. Repellent activity of catmint, Nepeta cataria, and iridoid nepetalactone isomers against Afro-tropical mosquitoes, ixodid ticks and red poultry mites. 2007;24:715. 2012;111:195364. This study will be conducted for the benefit of the following: For the Future Researchers that this could serve as a guide for them in case they would This number is also significantly higher than those killed by other types of insect repellents. Finally, current studies are difficult to be compared and the repellency effectiveness may also differ among subspecies.