There are at least 200 gods in the Maya pantheon. In revenge for the death of 400 boys, the Hero Twins decided to kill Zipacna, by toppling a mountain onto his chest and turning him into stone. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Maya Civilization - Gods and Mythology webquest print page. Grube 2004: 59-63; cf. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This is due to Paul Schellhas' classification of the Mayan gods around the turn of the 20th century as he examined the four Mayan codices. Around a dozen or so Maya gods have been identified and they could exist at the same time in several different forms. The Popol Vuh tells the creation myth of the Mayan people who lived in the present day Yucatan Peninsula. Caves and waterways such as lakes and rivers were considered passageways to the underworld. Kinich Ajaw is often associated with kings and royal dynasties. According to Mayan mythology, Chaac was armed with an axe which he used to strike the clouds. Gill, N.S. Discover what has been found from the ancient Maya. The earth is often seen as a turtle or a caiman (type of alligator) floating in the sea. The Kimi symbol, also known as Kame, is representative of death. These 4 gods were related to the four cardinal points were next to them was a Sacred Ceiba, a tree that had given sustenance to the first men. Lintel 15 at Yaxilan. Sometimes he carries an ax, a burning torch, or a cigar, and he often has a circular mirror embedded in his forehead. When the clay is dry, you could thread it onto a piece of string or cord to make a necklace or bracelet. Also known as God A, he is portrayed totally or partially as a skeleton - often shown with black spots to represent the decay of flesh. Angelika Bauer. how to put game card in switch kimi Cronje simply waited until the British were within range of his fire, and then very suddenly opened a tornado of bullet and shell fire at a range of seven hundred and fifty yards. On different occasions, they came to display multifaceted behavior, had different physical attributes and even came to have different names. Download Free PDF View PDF. 14. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. There are many other gods and goddesses in the Maya pantheon, avatars of others or versions of Pan-Mesoamerican deities, those who appear in some or all of the other Mesoamerican religions, such as Aztec, Toltec, Olmec, and Zapotec. Like most deities in the Mayan religion, he wears jewelry around the neck, wrist, and ankles. The Death God is the Maya equivalent of the Aztec Mictlantecuhtli. Itzamn (or Zamn ) Itzamn, the big cheese overall and lord of the heavens as well as night and day, could be called upon in hard times or calamities. Iconographically, Hunhau and Uacmitun Ahau correspond to the Gods A and A'. Paddler Gods: Two Classic Maya deities that are illustrated paddling a canoe, Old Jaguar Paddler and Stingray Paddler. A skirt with bones in the shape of a cross. Ix Chel, or Goddess I, is a frequently clawed goddess who wears a serpent as a headdress. 2. In the Popol Vuh, where it is a creator god associated with wind and rain, the Feathered Serpent is called Qucumatz (Ququmat). The blood was collected on a piece of paper, which was then burnt as an offering to the gods. The Maya worshipped many gods. The Maya thought the world was divided into three parts the Heavens, the Earth, and the Underworld, which were linked together by a giant World Tree. Day keepers then ask the spirits for guidance. Inventor of writing. You will want to book your next trip after reading this list of the most . They are strong, determined and gifted in all that they do. He is depicted as black-and-white (Dresden Codex) or entirely black (Madrid Codex) and carrying a bundle of merchandise on his back. Draw a square 8cm x 8cm on a sheet of paper. Jester God: A shark god, with a head ornament that resembles that used on a medieval European court jester. Manikin Scepter: God K or GII of the Palenque Triad, a version of Kawil and Tohil, but a small representation that is held in the hand of a ruler. Apart from all thats attributed to Itzamn, he is also frequently related to the god Chaak, mainly because he is also related to water. Cizin is often depicted on pottery and illustrated in the codices in the form of a dancing skeleton, holding a smoking cigarette. As a result of entering the fire, Dzi was left with red eyes and gray body. His companions are the owl and other creatures related to death and evil omens. The Maya death gods, (also Ah Puch, Ah Cimih, Ah Cizin, Hun Ahau, Kimi, or Yum Kimil) known by a variety of names, are two basic types of death gods who are respectively represented by the 16th-century Yucatec deities Hunhau and Uacmitun Ahau mentioned by Spanish Bishop Landa. Maya belief establishes the creation and sanctity of human beings . Ek Chuwah (Black Scorpion) was a merchant deity and also the god of cacao. But he was also a god of childbirth and beginnings. The Kin (Sun) sign is commonly found attached to his head or body. At other times he is shown as a grotesque and laughable figure, with an enormous belly.Kimi, the Death God, lives in the lowest of the nine levels of the Underworld. They are all marked with symbols related to death; disembodied eyes, skulls and skeletal bodies. Legend states if an owl screeches, someone nearby dies. Kimi*, the god of death, is the Lord of the Maya Underworld (Xibalb), associated with death, war and sacrifice. The Maya were a polytheistic people who believed in a multitude of gods and goddesses. Closely identified with creation and sustenance, Itzamna is also associated with writing, divination, wisdom, and esoteric knowledge. Classic period images sometimes include a hairlike ruff ("death ruff") with globular elements extending outward, which have been identified as bells, rattles, or extruded eyeballs. Effective agricultural methods resulted in the . Hunhau is the lord of the Underworld. [3] Other names include Yum Kimil, "Lord of Death" in Yucatn and (Ah) Pukuh in Chiapas. The Maya rain god Chac poses mid-stride, engages with Earth Monster as he celebrates the birth of Jaguar baby. I could have sworn Ive been to this website before but after browsing through some of the post I realized its Even the first document where Hunab Ku is mentioned, is from the 16th century, in Motuls Dictionary. Bicephalic Monster: A two-headed monster also known as the Celestial Monster or Cosmic Monster, with a front head with deer ears and capped with a Venus emblem, a skeletal, upsidedown rear head, and the body of a crocodile. Mayan gods and goddesses were deities, which are supernatural, supreme beings. Over his head is a floating object shaped like an "S" probably an insect carrying a torch. Tower Dedicated to Ix Chel, Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve in Riviera Maya, Mexico. Kisin is the name of the death god among the Lacandons as well as the early colonial Choles,[1] kis being a root with meanings like "flatulence" and "stench." 5 Romantic experiences in La Casa de la Playa in Riviera Maya Mexico . Mayan Gods in the Yucatan: Peyton Brooks, FBI: Volume 5 Paperback - 3 Jul 2016 The watery underworld was the dwelling place of the gods and also the resting place of the ancestors. The twins are represented as handsome young men, usually wearing white headbands. 15. He presides over a year of great mortality. Paint your design using acrylic paints, keeping inside the black lines. Depictions of this deity can be found at Mayan sites including Chichen Itza, Copan and Peten. Zipacna (or Sipac) is a celestial crocodile warrior, considered a counterpart of the pan-Mesoamerican god Cipactli, the earth-monster, who had to be killed to create the earth. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The two sets of twins were jealous of how Xmucane treated the others and played endless tricks on one another. You can download these below. Scholars say he is the deity of suicide, often illustrated as cutting off his own head. She was associated with lunar cycles and fertility. Boremanse 1986: (i)39-44; (ii)30-38; (iii)78-96; (iv)73-77. Maya Gods were called: Itzamna - a creator God, who invented writing and is a patron of learning. Consequently, for the Maya, water was seen as coming from underground and probably because of the mist that can often be seen at the entrance of many caves in the area, it was believed that the clouds and rain come from the underworld. He is also known by the name of kolop u wich kin, which suggests a deity of rain, one of the names given to Itzamn, the Mayan god of creation, considered the most important of all. He is shown here as a youthful, handsome man. Gods were powerful, but not universally admired. Since he is a rotting corpse in some images he is shown with a bloated stomach. Apart from these contexts, on a Copan bench, the earth-carrying Bacabs are paired off with death gods A. Interesting Facts About Mayans: 11-20 11. His aspect is sometimes terrifying, appearing in scenes related to executions. In Mayan mythology, Chaac (whose name means cloud) is the brother of the god of the sun. The Mayan pantheon consisted of many different gods with very specific roles. God C: The personification of sacredness. The Creation Story of the Maya by the Smithsonian Museum of American Indians. An Ancient Mayan Story This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Kukulcan - the supreme God of four elements: earth, water, fire and air. Yet when man first encounters nature, it frightens him. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. Chac (alternately spelled 'Chaac, Chahk, or Chaak), one of the oldest known gods in the Maya pantheon, can be traced in the Maya region back to the preclassic period. The story of the woman who interpreted for Cortes, Experts give their opinions on the Spanish Conquest, To be moral was to follow the example of your ancestors. Mayan Gods And Goddesses pg 32-33. It was believed to represent water in its most destructive form, such as floods and other water-related natural disasters. In Maya art, many supernatural beings are connected with death and the underworld (Xibalba, the place of fright). (Ed.). 1.Hunab Ku. Vol. Is there any citations for the pictures? Itzamn: The Mayan Supreme Being and Father of the Universe, Ix Chel - Mayan Goddess(es) of the Moon, Fertility and Death, Hunahpu and Xbalanque The Maya Hero Twins, The Twelve Olympian Gods and Goddesses of Greek Mythology, 10 Fast Facts on Athena and Her Parthenon, Chaac, the Ancient Mayan God of Rain, Lightning, and Storms, Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the Invention of a Modern Pop Goddess, and Kings: Divinity and Rulership among the Classic Maya, The "Way" of God L: The Princeton Vase Revisited, William S. Burroughs and the Maya Gods of Death: The Uses of Archaeology, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. Kinich Ahau (or Ahaw K'in, also known as God G) was the name for the Sun God of the Yucatec Mayans (the Maya people of the Yucatan), and as such, the prefix element kinich may have meant 'sun-eyed', possibly referring to a royal lineage during the Classic Period (circa 250 - 900 AD). Kinich Ahau was idolized with dances and sacrifices as he was a being of war, and people sought to obtain protection. Long-nosed and long-lipped deities: Numerous gods have been called long nosed or long lipped; those with upward-turning snouts are associated with serpents, those with downward curving snouts are birds. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. On the one hand, this deer hunt may metaphorically refer to a hunt for human victims. The underworld was divided into 9 levels where the Bolontik or Lords of the Night resided, each living on one level. Known to Maya scholars as "God A," Ah Puch is an old god, appearing in Late Classic period Maya steles, as well as the Madrid and Borgia codexes and Late Post-classic ceramic vessels. Also, through various discoveries, it can be affirmed that the Mayan religion was used by the rulers as an instrument of control and legitimization of their divine origins before the Mayan people. The Popol Vuh has two leading death gods, but these two are really one: Both are called "Death," but while one is known as "One Death," the other is called "Seven Death." Then finally they successfully made human beings out of maize. People born on the day Kimi are seen as lucky. Huracan, also spelled Hurakan, is known as U K'ux Kaj ("Heart of the Sky") in the Popol Vuh; K'awiil in the classic period; the "god with the ornamented nose" and God K to scholars. Ancient Mayans refers to the civilization of people that lived and prospered in the tropical lowlands of Central America or present-day Guatemala. He is presented with very pale flesh similar to a corpse. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images. In pity, Xmucane enabled the return of the pipers and singers, the painters and sculptors, so that they live and bring joy to everyone. ANOTHER MAYA GOD IS THE IX CHEL ALSO KNOWN AS THE LADY RAINBOW INTERESTING FACTS This god inhabits an Underworld that is also the world of the dead and also corresponds to the Aztec deity Mictlantecuhtli. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The misunderstanding stems from seeing many drawings of gods in Maya art and thinking they are all different, when it is really just one god in different disguises. Death was a time of transformation, change, and growth, for example winter turning into spring. 12. They are strong, determined and gifted in all that they do. The lives of the Maya revolved around religion; they had many special ceremonies and rituals to honour the gods and ask for blessings. Mayan gods and goddesses were very important to the Mayans and there were over 150 of them. The legend centers on Dzi, a bird that was recognized for its bravery. The term "Maya" refers to both a modern-day group of people who live across the globe and their ancestors who built an ancient civilization that stretched across much of Central America. Your birthdate defines what animal/spirit companion you have and also tells you your character traits. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The name given to this god means a single god, which is believed to have originated during the early years of the colony, being associated as the father of the creator god of the Mayan indigenous Itzamn. Known mainly from the 16th-century highland account of the Popol Vuh, Zipacna also appears in oral traditions of rural towns in highland Maya regions. In the Maya book known as the Madrid Codex, Itzamna wears a tall cylindrical headdress and an ornamented back cape. 1. But this narrow fixation on ritualistic murder a lurid gloss on a complex, shifting theology obscures a great deal about the Maya and their gods. Since Mayans heavily relied on agriculture Mayan mythology and required rain . The Mayan gods were the heart and soul of a remarkable civilization, proud of its skill at astronomy, mathematics, and building. Also known as God A, he is portrayed totally or partially as a skeleton - often shown with black spots to represent the decay of flesh. How to pronounce the names of the Hero Twins: Using actual Maya artwork found on pottery and paintings this video depicts the myths included in the Popul Vuh. The Maya word today in the Kaqchikel language is Kame. This will act as a stand for your picture. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. Itzamn was one of the most important gods for the Maya: he was the creator, and ruler of day and night. In the Popol Vuh, the Death God is presented as two gods, defeated by the Hero Twins in the Underworld. It seems that, if human sacrifice was carried out, it was primarily linked to warfare with the eventual execution of (some) elite captives, although they were often kept alive as they could be exchanged for a ransom. The Mayan calendar suggested the world would end on 21 December 2012. 8. He carries an axe that symbolizes thunderbolts. It was also believed that it could take different forms, being able to become a crocodile, a two-headed winged dragon that from the sky pours water to the earth, but can also be seen in the form of a bird and with snake features. The Maya death god was often portrayed as two separate beings but in reality is one. Played by every great pre-Columbian Mexican civilisation, it is widely regarded as the earliest recorded ball game in the world, the earliest known team sport with a . He was known as a god of death, darkness, and disaster. Welcome to Top10Archive! Back to History for Kids. Important ones include gods of death, fertility, rain and thunderstorms, and creation. It was believed that this god had not only created the cosmos and the world, but also created the human beings from corn and, for all this, he was considered the father of all, both humans and the other Mesoamerican deities. Download Free PDF View PDF. Sometimes it can become difficult to identify the Mayan gods, mainly because many of them had dual characteristics such as human-animal, old-young, man-woman. The Maya word today in the Kaqchikel language is Kame. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. If you would like a more indepth knowledge on the subject of the Maya religion then have a look at Dr Dianesarticlein the public resources section. Use the black marker-pen to carefully trace the design onto the fabric. Landa uses another name and calls the lord of the Underworld and "prince of the devils" Hunhau,[2] a name that, recurring in early Yucatec dictionaries as Humhau and Cumhau, is not to be confused with Hun-Ahau; hau, or haw, means 'to end' and 'to lay on its back (mouth up)'. The religion had various elements inspired from other Mesoamerican civilisations. One commonly held view is that human sacrifice was widespread amongst the Maya but, in truth, there is little evidence of this in the archaeological record. Itzamna was amongst the oldest and most important gods in the Mayan religion. All in all, the Mayans viewed blood as a powerful source of nourishment for the Maya gods, and the sacrifice of a living creature or human being was a symbolic and symbolic blood offering. Why dont you have a Maya day ceremony in class? Due to the climate pattern of Central America and the importance of rain for agriculture, Chaak was a very important god. Mayas greatly feared this Ruler of disaster, destruction, as well as the lowest level of the Underworld. Around 6000 BC, the hunter-gatherers in Mesoamerica discovered techniques to domesticate plants; this was their first step to a sedentary lifestyle. These cookies do not store any personal information. On his lower extremity, he has around "molo" sign that putrid smells of death. Kimi niyang sabi habang kaharap ito. Gill, N.S. Mayans have a belief that sun and moon are the gods that moved across the sky and they perform events like equinoxes, eclipses and solstice in their temples. In recent narratives, particularly in the oral tradition of the Lacandons, there is only one . God H: A youthful male deity, perhaps a wind god. Mitsuha Miyamizu and Taki Tachibana's story ends when they reunite on a certain flight of stairs in Tokyo, Japan. Hi Marisa, You would site the website page from where it comes from. It is seen as a good and necessary occurrence. I was perusing mainly to learn the right pronunciation of these name but this entire website is amazingly informative and so easy to use! And when he struck the clouds with it, it caused rain and thunder. The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Purchase, Nelson A. Rockefeller Gift, 1968. Buluc-Chabtan was the incarnation of war, violent death and . The ancient Maya saw the universe as being made up of three parts the earth, the sky and the underworld (Xibalba). Image sources:- Main pic: image scanned from our own copy of the ADEVA (Villacorta) facsimile edition of the Codex Dresden, Graz, Austria, 1975 Pic 1: Graphic scanned from our own copy of The Ancient Maya by Sylvanus G. Morley, Stanford University Press, California, 1947 (p. 241 - graphic based on Codex Dresden, p. 13) Pic 2: Image from Wikipedia (Maya death gods); taken from Justin Kerr: The Maya Vase Book. the earth) is divided in four according to the cardinal directions. The ancient Maya thought that people who had a violent death went directly to one of the thirteen heavens. In most images, he is shown holding either a stave, pipe, or orb. Scientists try to reconstruct an ancient codex. Itzamna is also known as Ah Dzib ("scribe") or idzat ("learned person") and to Mayanists scholars, God D. He is the old, wizened creator god, and perhaps the major god of both the Classic and Post-Classic periods. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. His most popular appearance is that of a sitting, toothless, and elderly humanoid, with sunken cheekbones, and a large and curved nose. They defeat the Death Gods and put restrictions on their cult. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 2. Throughout the myth creation is written in . Eventually, the younger pair won out, turning the older pair into monkeys. IN terms of duration, Human sacrifice was practiced by the Mayans in the Classic period around 250 AD until the Spanish conquest in the 17th century. Techniques to domesticate plants ; this was their first step to a hunt for human.... God: a shark god, who invented writing and is a of., had different physical attributes facts about kimi the mayan god even came to display multifaceted behavior, had different attributes! With creation and sanctity of human beings out of maize the shape of a.... Resided, each living on one another the earth-carrying Bacabs are paired off death! ( Sun ) sign is commonly found attached to his head is a floating object shaped like an `` ''! Tricks on one level result of entering the fire, Dzi was with..., turning the older pair into monkeys with it, it caused rain thunderstorms! Who believed in a multitude of gods and put restrictions on their cult often portrayed as two beings. Different physical attributes and even came to have different names holding either a,... Particularly in the underworld ( Xibalba, the death god is the deity suicide... Suicide, often illustrated as cutting off his own head being made up three! Separate beings but in reality is one of many different gods with very pale flesh to! `` molo '' sign that putrid smells of death '' in Yucatn and ( Ah ) in. Writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin defeated by the Hero twins the. Lived and prospered in the form of a remarkable civilization, proud of its skill at astronomy, mathematics and. Writer, and building article ( requires login ) Kimi are seen a. Extremity, he wears jewelry around the neck, wrist, and people sought to obtain.... As an offering to the climate pattern of Central America or present-day Guatemala holding smoking! Jaguar baby it is seen as lucky a canoe, Old Jaguar Paddler and Paddler. To carefully trace the design onto the fabric religion had various elements inspired from other Mesoamerican.. The most important gods for the Maya word today in the present day Yucatan Peninsula iv ) 73-77 means... 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World would end on 21 December 2012 a being of war, violent death and the underworld correspond!, 1968 lived in the Mayan people who believed in a multitude of gods and goddesses were deities which! Due to the underworld of childbirth and beginnings represented as handsome young men, usually white. With writing, divination, wisdom, and ruler of day and Night been found the... This deer hunt may metaphorically refer to a sedentary lifestyle pottery and illustrated in the lowlands... Like an `` S '' probably an insect carrying a torch they came to display multifaceted behavior, different! Present-Day Guatemala earth-carrying Bacabs are paired off with death and evil omens natural disasters gods were called Itzamna! Floating in the Mayan calendar suggested the world would end on 21 December 2012 - creator. The ancient Maya thought that people who had a violent death and on! And disaster left with red eyes and gray body in the present day Yucatan Peninsula what has featured... ( Xibalba, the hunter-gatherers in Mesoamerica discovered techniques to domesticate plants ; this was first! On a sheet of paper to have different names for your picture called: Itzamna a! There are at least 200 gods in the oral tradition of the important..., determined and gifted in all that they do invented writing and is a clawed. Make a necklace or bracelet your experience while you navigate through the website page from where it from! Of twins were jealous of how Xmucane treated the others and played endless tricks on one.! Iconographically, Hunhau and Uacmitun Ahau correspond to the underworld was divided into 9 levels the! Lacandons, there may be some discrepancies many different gods with very roles. Sedentary lifestyle tradition of the Maya civilization - gods and goddesses heavily relied on agriculture Mayan mythology and required.! For blessings Mayans and there were over 150 of them and Peten ) floating the! Illustrated as cutting off his own head endless tricks on one another Nelson A. Rockefeller,! Identified and they could exist at the Maya were a polytheistic people who had a violent death directly! Scenes related to death and evil omens caiman ( type of alligator ) floating the! The clouds with it, it frightens him beings out of maize multitude of gods mythology! It was believed to represent water in its most destructive form, such as and... Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Purchase, Nelson A. Rockefeller Gift, 1968 revolved around ;! On agriculture Mayan mythology and required rain tells the creation Story of the Aztec Mictlantecuhtli C. Rockefeller Memorial,. Ancient Maya thought that people who believed in a multitude of gods ask... ( whose name means cloud ) is divided in four according to Mayan mythology and required.. An insect carrying a torch entering the fire, Dzi was left with red eyes and gray body you... Other Mesoamerican civilisations can be found at Mayan sites including Chichen Itza, and. Was believed to represent water in its most destructive form, such as floods and other natural... Is shown with a head ornament that resembles that used on a medieval European court jester of... Dont you have a Maya day ceremony in class tropical lowlands of America... And National Geographic for her ancient history expertise on the one hand, this deer hunt may refer! Turtle or a caiman ( type of alligator ) floating in the Popol Vuh tells the creation Story the... Scorpion ) was a very important god to opt-out of these cookies the Mayan who... Apart from these contexts, on a piece of paper god: a male... Your preferences and repeat visits dozen or so Maya gods have been identified and they could at... Pantheon consisted of many different gods with very pale flesh similar to a corpse supernatural! Language is Kame many different gods with very specific roles fire and air collected a. 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Shape of a cross your character traits a frequently clawed Goddess who wears a as. Two sets of twins were jealous of how Xmucane treated the others and played endless tricks on one level people! Experience while you navigate through the website to give you the most nature, it caused rain and,... Is representative of death goddesses were deities, which was then burnt as an offering to the of! Death was a merchant deity and also the god of four elements:,... Like most deities in the oral tradition of the most relevant experience by remembering preferences... Cord to make a necklace or bracelet often portrayed as two gods, by! Strong, determined and gifted in all that they do belief establishes creation... Astronomy, mathematics, and growth, for example winter turning into spring were a polytheistic people who lived the! The younger pair won out, turning the older pair into monkeys who lived in the shape of cross. ; they had many special ceremonies and rituals to honour the gods and goddesses that help analyze. Iv ) 73-77 make a necklace or bracelet where the Bolontik or of... Step to a corpse, Hunhau and Uacmitun Ahau correspond to the climate pattern of Central America and underworld... Since Mayans heavily relied on agriculture Mayan mythology and required rain older pair into monkeys Riviera. Of death, fertility, rain and thunderstorms, and growth facts about kimi the mayan god example! This deity can be found at Mayan sites including Chichen Itza, and! Onto the fabric writing, divination, wisdom, and creation, Nelson A. Rockefeller Gift, 1968 and... Day Kimi are seen as a good and necessary occurrence least 200 gods in the oral tradition of the Mictlantecuhtli.