Today, the center of the weaving industry is Lubuagan. Despite the central square foundations and the octagonal floor plan, however, the roof with its ridgepole presents a different profile from the side the bowed pongo (rafters) are not duplicated on the front or back of the house; instead, straight rafters (pakantod) run up only as far as the ati-atig crossbeams. Mountain symbols are embroidered in yellow, a color that also symbolizes wealth and . In sum, the beauty of a ceramic pot, according to Dalupa potters, has the following features: a rim that is visibly turned outward; a long, graceful neck; coloring that is evenly spread; and a symmetrical shape and design. http://www.ethnologue.com. Kalinga Tattoo: Ancient & Modern Expressions of the Tribal Body Art Tattooing. Ikat. It is a sacred site where rituals are performed, but it may also double as a site for economic activities, such as that in Bugnay where it is also used for sugarcane milling. What is the meaning of color black in Kalinga textile? Here, the Pasil potters encountered newly arrived Kalinga weavers who advised them to add ocher designs similar to those on Kalinga woven textile. The Kalinga also pray to dead ancestors and relatives called kakkalading and anani, who protect them from the alan. There has been a long and active trade in locally woven products . 2013. Then from Tabuk city ride a jeep going to the municipality of Tinglayan and drop off at the junction near the Buscalan village jump-off point. Stallsmith, Glenn Ress. Kalinga (IPA: ), officially the Province of Kalinga (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Kalinga), is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon.Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Filipino cultural tradition is worth preserving and the tradition of the Kalinga people offers so much value. Interview by Scott Saboy, Balbalasang, Balbalan, Kalinga, 29 March. The myth of Lubting explains the peculiar shape of Mount Patokan. You ask us if we own the land. Children of mistresses were entitled to a lesser amount of inheritance. The First Philippine Folk Festival: A Retrospection. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,[15] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project. By the late 1980s, however, there were 50 different types of ay-ayam being made as souvenir items of various shapes and sizes: flower vases, money banks, candleholders, and the gusi (imitation Chinese porcelain jar). At present, the war record is no longer a requisite, but leadership remains in the hands of men with wide kinship connections, economic influence, oratorical ability, the capacity for the wise interpretation of custom law, and a record of having settled disputes. The southern Kalinga traditional male attire consists of a G-string called baag, a long, narrow red strip of cotton cloth with yellow stripes running lengthwise at equal distance from one another. Yellow symbolizes wealth and refer to growth and fertility. Inside wealthy Kalinga houses are shelves or racks where heirloom pieces such as Chinese plates and jars are displayed. During the Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, General Emilio Aguinaldo made Lubuagan the seat of the Philippine Republic for 72 days from 6 March to 17 May 1900. During the first four years of childhood, there is no gender differentiation regarding the activities of boys and girls. 2014. Ink is made from charcoal powder or soot from pots. First held on 14 February 1996 to celebrate the founding anniversary of the province, it has become a grand yearly tourist attraction marked by street dancing, float parades, trade fairs, eco-trekking, white water rafting, and concerts. Kalinga comes from the common noun kalinga, which means enemy, fighter, or headhunter in the Ibanag and Gaddang languages. 2003. When only the vertical yarn, the warp, is tied-dyed for weaving, it's known as warp Ikat. The blouse is called "Kegal Bentilas" and the skirt is called "Lewek tedeyung". In the old pagta, the bodong holder and his relatives were expected to immediately avenge the death or injury suffered by a member of their ili. 1975. Kalinga pottery is an ancient clay art tradition widely distributed in Kalinga, a province located in the Philippines' Cordillera Mountains. The palok or paluk is another festival dance in which each male dancer beats on the gong to make the female dance. These houses have disappeared with the decline of headhunting and the prevalence of peace pacts. Another solo instrument is the bamboo kullitong (zither), which has five to nine strings made by lifting up thin strips from the hard skin of the bamboo tube itself. Ay-ayam, literally pets or toys, used to be miniature clay pots made for children, particularly the im-immosso (mini-water jars). Up to the early 1970s, three remarkable forms of pottery were still being made in Kalinga but are now gone: the ceramic pot lid, the sugarcane wine jar, and the ceramic pig trough. The People and Art of the Philippines. The pangat have extensive knowledge of these laws and pass judgments according to precedents. [6][2] Due to the availability of water, two planting seasons are possible in the kalingas rice terraces. The pattong salip is also performed during wedding feasts, with all the wedding guests collectively wishing the newlyweds happiness as a ring of men encloses the inner circle of women, who simply turn in their places (Orosa-Goquingco 1980). The kalasag (shield) is similar to those of the Bontok and the Tinguian: Three points project from the top and two points from the bottom of a sloping rectangular body. The Kalinga and other Cordillera peoples are believed to have arrived in separate migrations from southeastern or eastern Asia. Particularly for the mountain peoples, the Bureau of Education formulated another objective: to provide vocational training to meet the special needs of the people. Vanoverbergh, Morice. The culture deities are those who assist the mediums or priestesses in the performance of rituals to drive away misfortune and evil spirits. Aside from the mimetic dances, one ritual of the Buwaya region in northwestern Kalinga may be called dramatic. The climate varies within the province, with a temperature ranging from 17 to 22 C. Rev. 1929. The pangat are not elected into their position but merely grow into their social and political role as the people just know who has finally become one. There are two types of basketry used for daily work, which showcase the Kalingas fine craftsmanship and careful attention to detail. She is Ifugao by birth and is married to a Kalinga farmer. Howard, David. Got Something to Say? Adults teach children about the kinship groups history, its disputes with other groups, its vengeance and enmities. Sima ininum nga mang u-gwa sa siga na mawhigag ing-ingkana. Its eight municipalities have a total of 153 barangays. Today, most courtships resemble those in the rest of the Philippines. Kalinga similarities. Courtship begins when the boy tries to get the attention of a girl. Meanwhile, southern Kalinga, Bontok, and Ifugao were uninfluenced by both Spaniards and Christianized lowlanders. The Buaya and Aciga culture groups of northern Kalinga tell the story of the creator gods Kabunyan, Talanganay, and Patubog. Headhunting and tattooing were more extensively practiced during the Spanish occupation (1521-1898) than in the period of the American colonizers that followed (Krieger . But such trading apparently stopped with the coming of the Spaniards. Dacanay Jr., Julian E. 1988. Its square frame exhibits fine precision, the space between its splayed feet reinforced by a flat wooden brace, thus making it sturdy even under heavy load. Worcester, Dean C. 1906 October. Apo Whang-od, the famous mambabatok of the Kalinga community, lives on as one of the pillars of Kalinga culture and tradition. The Kalinga actively promote eco-cultural tourism, drawing local and foreign tourists each year. Potters coat their products, which they describe as smooth, bright, shiny, and beautiful (Stark 1993, 164), with pula (red ocher) to give these a violet hue. Report No. 1 of 3. The very fine, split-rattan weaves forming the weft uniformly rise on the sides. Very often, they use the blanket as upper garment. The ullalim is also a romantic tale in which the hero fights for the maiden of his choice. Grave illnesses for which the anito ritual is performed require three mang-anito and the sacrifice of a large pig. Aside from growing a variety of trees, the Kalinga people also utilize cloth and basket weaving, pottery, and blacksmithing to keep their economic activities moving. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University. . Manila: NSO. Kabunyan went hunting with his dogs in a mountain called Binaratan, where he caught and killed a deer with a full set of antlers. The Kalinga now choose their own marriage partners. It is traditionally made of locally-made fibers such as pia, abaca, and cotton. Other earrings are made of strings of small beads, large pieces of copper wires, and large pieces of shells. 1982. Provincial Planning and Development Office. Also to be learned are the geography of their surroundings, names of the fields, folktales, legends, myths, chants, heirlooms owned by every household in the village, the process of crafts and arts, and the Kalinga custom law. [CD-ROM]. The Kalinga legal system is based on Kalinga custom law, a body of regulations verbally transmitted from generation to generation. During the dawak ritual, female mediums beat on a Chinese bowl while dancing and singing incantations. On 14 February 1995, Republic Act 7878 separated Kalinga and Apayao into regular provinces. Simultaneously they strafed and set fire to the house of Pedro Dungoc, Macli-ing Dulags neighbor and spokesperson who had also written the pagta (law) for the bodong that unified the Cordillera elders against the dam. Pregnancy is marked by intricate rituals and observances that aim to protect the mother and the unborn child, and to facilitate easy childbirth. They may wear necklaces over their breasts and use the kulkul on special occasions. The girl may give vague positive signs like a smile or a sudden lowering of the eyes. [11] In the 2010s, various government agencies encouraged farmers to return to the planting and harvesting of Cordillera Robusta coffee among the Kalinga. Also, during the revolutionary period, social and economic conditions further deteriorated. Kalinga is a landlocked province in the northernmost section of the Cordillera Region. The Kalinga people [2] [3] [4] ( IPA: [kalia]) are an indigenous ethnic group whose ancestral domain is in the Cordillera Mountain Range of the northern Philippines. Tattooing the body of a returning warrior was not done for fun but to showcase the number of wars, enemies killed and even the skill level displayed in battle. Thus, abortion is a concern of the wife, the husband, and the kin whose share of inheritance might diminish because of too many offspring. If the man had no children by his legal wife, then children from his mistress would enjoy the same privileges of inheritance as would his legitimate children. On the Cordillera. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 . They become operational once they are announced. The upper western half of Kalinga has a dry season from January to April and a wet season from May to September. There is, in the ethnographic section of the National Museum, a piece of cloth woven from abaca and bearing a design and patterns using natural dyes. The second song recounts his heroic exploits: Banna of Dulawon village sets out for the village of a wealthy maiden, Laggunawa, to make love to her, although she is betrothed to Dungdungan of Manila. Across the tops of these outer (and lighter posts), and connecting them, are eight short sills (pisipis) grooved to receive the wall-boards (okong), the front and back ones being parallel, the two side ones being parallel, and the four corner ones joining them at 45 angleproducing that eight-sided plan for which the house is famous. Peace pacts in Kalinga are renewed through the dolnat or dornat, the terms used to refer to the gathering of representative of two ethnic groups with an existing peace pact. In 1889, jurisdiction over Kalinga was transferred to the Comandancia of Itaves in Cagayan province. Ifugao Ikat has white and red diamond stripes. Almost 45 hectares of fishponds and 2.29 hectares of tilapia fish hatcheries are found across the province. As they play their gongs, they move in circular formations with a group of female dancers. Known to be a warrior tribe for centuries, the Kalingas have been known to defend and fight for their community. Keeping the tradition of her husband's culture alive, she has created modern product designs for the traditional weaves. Weaving is one of the major economic activities among women in the . This answer is: Anonymous . The books and a companion weaving workbook, "Agabel Tayo" (Let Us Weave), provide glimpses of the culture and history behind Cordillera textiles, which are passed down to new generations, July . Hunting has been their tradition and is continued by the male members of their tribe. Thus, in southern Kalinga, the pangat are more influential than government or military officials. Lane, Robert F. 1986. [6] De los Reyes, Angelo, and Aloma de los Reyes, eds. Filmographers Jocelyn Banasan-Kapuno and Martin Masadao, who trace their roots to Kalinga, received grants from the Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP) to produce full-length feature films. 1983. 1987. 1989. The reed-mat floor (tatagon) is laid down in the center section on laths (chosar), set into the top of the three joists parallel to the stringers, and in the two side sections on laths which run transversely from the outer edges of the stringers to the inner edges of the sills. Traditionally, women wore no upper garments, but today, blouses and T-shirts are used. Some of them, however, already migrated to Mountain Province, Apayao, Cagayan, and Abra. China, Japan and Southeast Asia were already trading their gold, ceramics, jars, iron and beads with . The hinterland of the region led through . In our home, we have the (un-used..ahem) Bahag placed as an accenting runner for our antique narra comoda . The family observes these food taboos: beef, cows milk, eel, frogs, gabi (tubers), and dog meat. Heirlooms include Chinese plates (panay), jars (gosi), and gongs (gangsa). Because of the prevalence of tribal conflicts in the past, the ili or village were located in strategic areas surrounded by difficult terrain where villagers could easily be forewarned against invaders or intruders. The inhabitants of Cagayan and Isabela considered the Kalinga as enemies, since they conducted headhunting attacks on Ibanag and Gaddang territory. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. Antonio de Morga, a Spanish chronicler, noted in 1607 that the Ilocano refined and distributed the gold mined by the mountain peoples. The last has been made famous by the dance in which water pots in graduated sizes are placed on top of one after another and carried on the head by Kalinga women. The Untold Sacred Weaving of Ifugaos. The former cultivate two crops of rice in the payaw (terraced rice fields). Atom Under the new pagta, having a dagdagas is regarded as an act of adultery. It is bounded by the provinces of Cagayan and Apayao in the north, Mt. Banasans first album, Goomvu, was a big hit in Japan. The main purpose of the bahag is to cover the private parts. They also make household articles like wooden containers, bowls, dishes, ladles, and a variety of baskets and pots. A village may have several papangat, but no central authority is designated. The heros valor is contrasted to the rivals cowardice. Each ethnic group has its own particular kind of textile, motifs, and method of production. Manila: Folk Arts Theater. The number of culture groups in Kalinga varies according to different systems of classification. Ceres P. Doyo. Kalinga textiles characterized by dominant red stripes and motif of geometric patterns as well as nature symbols interlaced with white, yellow, and black fibers. Fruit trees such as the coconut, coffee and banana are grown in the orchard or kakkaju. In one episode, the women lay on the road to block the delivery trucks; in another, they bared their breasts to stop the soldiers. The most significant changes brought about by Spanish activities during the late 19th century was the improvement of trade and friendly relations among the, Macli-ing Dulag, Kalinga chieftain killed for leading the protest against the construction of dams (Photo by Lin Neumann in Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief Defender of the Cordillera by Ma. Manwhatok (tattoo practitioners) alternatively use parakuk id lubwhan (lemon thorns) to pierce the skin. Llamzon, Teodoro A. [6], Eduardo Masferr notes that by the start of American colonial period, the neighboring Bontoc and Gaddang people had begun adapting peace pact customs based on the Kalinga Bodong. indigeneous textile weaving in KALINGA. The fabric of our history. But Laggunawa, preferring Banna, tries to break the betrothal with Dungdungan by asking both warriors to go on a headhunting expedition in Bibbila, a hostile village. 2-51N 2007 Census of Population 1: Demographic and Housing Characteristics: Kalinga. The bodong, besides being a political and social institution, is the venue for the performance of the peoples traditional music and dance. Balbin, Raymond, and Maximo Garming. Textile art has a long history. Kalinga hand woven fabrics are characterized by dominant red stripes and motifs of geometric patterns with nature symbols interlaced with white yellow and black fibers. The culture of the southern Kalinga thus became similar to cultures at the south of it like the Ifugao and Bontok. The members of the Butbut culture group inhabit five villages of southern Kalinga: Buscalan, Lokkong, Butbut Proper, Ngibat, and Bugnay. The people of Kalinga are great weavers. It conducts workshops for the Cordillera youth and takes performances abroad to educate its foreign audiences. [6][2], Tabuk was settled in the 12th century, and from there other Kalinga settlements spread. Obusan, Ramon A. Houses of wood, concrete, and galvanized iron with satellite television dishes are common even in the hinterlands of Kalinga. We know that ancient Egyptians made textiles. The fourth element is seen by the intertribal pacts entered into by the Kalinga. The female Kalinga costume is made of a large rectangular woven material that is about 3-4 feet long and 3-5 feet wide. Interview by Scott Saboy, Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 8 April. "I don't know if I could ever live up to that name and be of value in our society, but I am trying.". Delivery takes place within the house, and the extended family attends to the expectant mother. (Guess, tall when sitting, short when standing. In western Kalinga, the epic is called dangdang-ay, and the hero is Magliya or Gono. These rituals range from simple hour-long rice rituals, to elaborate ones that last for three days, participated in by several mediums who chant together or alternately. [6], The Kalinga belief in a Supreme Being, Kabuniyan, the creator and giver of life, who once lived amongst them. Spanish attempts to subjugate and control the mountain peoples had the following objectives: to exploit the rich gold deposits of northern Luzon; to extend or protect conquered territory; to convert the pagans to Christianity; and to discover exotic products. Lending grandeur to the 19th Ullalim Festival of 2014 was its Awong Chi/De Gangsa (Call of a Thousand Gongs). Traditional Kalinga rituals include chanting and sometimes require the playing of instrumental ensembles led by the mang-anito or mandadawak. The initial task of the local colonial government was to establish law and order and build roads and trails. 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